Position du problème : circuit RLC libre

Après avoir étudier le condensateur et la bobine, il est temps d’étudier le circuit RLC en série dans un régime d’oscillation libre. La leçon commence par l’étude d’un circuit LC idéal, ce qui permet d’initier les élèves avec la notion d’oscillateur électrique harmonique (oscillations électriques sinusoïdale) . Après, une étude expérimentale, on constatent que à cause de la résistance du circuit les oscillations ne sont pas sinusoïdale, ce qui permet d’introduire les notions de régimes périodique et des régimes apériodique. À la fin, les élèves arrivent à comprendre comment entretenir les oscillations électriques.

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Dipôle RL, dipôle RC, circuit RLC libre et forcée, modulation d’amplitude, terminale science marocain

Pour plus d’informations suivez le lien ci-dessous

https://www.studyrama.com/revision-examen/bac/fiches-de-revision-du-bac/anciennes-series-s-es-l/serie-s/physique/electricite/oscillations-libres-du-circuit-rlc-serie–cours-35353#:~:text=Oscillations%20libres%20du%20circuit%20RLC%20s%C3%A9rie%20%2D%20Cours&text=R%C3%A9gime%20libre%20d’un%20circuit,condensateur%20dans%20un%20dip%C3%B4le%20RL%20.

Objectifs circuit RLC en série libre

Cours et exercices circuit RLC en série , régime libre et en régime forcée , terminale science

Oscillations électriques libre

Sans que nous ne nous en rendions compte, les oscillations électriques sont omniprésentes
dans notre vie quotidienne. Le fonctionnement de pratiquement tous les « appareils
électroniques » est à la base de telles oscillations : montres, téléphones portables,
ordinateurs, chaînes audio et vidéo, appareils photo et caméras vidéo numériques, …
La compréhension de la naissance d’oscillations électriques est très simple, si on aura
compris au préalable la charge et la décharge du condensateur ainsi que le comportement de la bobine parcourue par un courant variable.

Un oscillateur électrique est un circuit qui convertie de l’énergie électrique continue en une énergie électrique sinusoïdale

Oscillations électriques dans un circuit RLC en régime forcée

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En électrocinétique, un circuit RLC est un circuit linéaire contenant une résistance électrique, une bobine (inductance) et un condensateur (capacité).

Il existe deux types de circuits RLC, série ou parallèle selon l’interconnexion des trois types de composants. Le comportement d’un circuit RLC est généralement décrit par une équation différentielle du second ordre (là où des circuits RL ou circuits RC se comportent comme des circuits du premier ordre).

À l’aide d’un générateur de signaux, il est possible d’injecter dans le circuit des oscillations et observer dans certains cas une résonance, caractérisée par une augmentation du courant (lorsque le signal d’entrée choisi correspond à la pulsation propre du circuit, calculable à partir de l’équation différentielle qui le régit).

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exercices-sur-le-circuit-rlc-libre-en-serie terminale science SM et expérimentale Télécharger

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Vidéos circuit RLC en série

Circuit RLC en régime libre

Circuit RLC en régime forcée

https://www.physagreg.fr/electrocinetique-3-rlc.php

étude d’un circuit LC non amorti

Circuit RLC , exercice d’application

Circuit RLC libre , exercice avec solution

RLC Series Circuits

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Determine the angular frequency of oscillation for a resistor, inductor, capacitor $\left(RLC\right)$ series circuit
Relate the circuit to a damped spring oscillation

When the switch is closed in the RLC circuit of (Figure)(a), the capacitor begins to discharge and electromagnetic energy is dissipated by the resistor at a rate ${i}^{2}R$ . With U given by (Figure), we have

$\frac{dU}{dt}=\frac{q}{C}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{dq}{dt}+Li\frac{di}{dt}=\text{−}{i}^{2}R$

where i and q are time-dependent functions. This reduces to

$L\frac{{d}^{2}q}{d{t}^{2}}+R\frac{dq}{dt}+\frac{1}{C}q=0.$

(a) An RLC circuit. Electromagnetic oscillations begin when the switch is closed. The capacitor is fully charged initially. (b) Damped oscillations of the capacitor charge are shown in this curve of charge versus time, or q versus t. The capacitor contains a charge ${q}_{0}$ before the switch is closed.

Figure a is a circuit with a capacitor, an inductor and a resistor in series with each other. They are also in series with a switch, which is open. Figure b shows the graph of charge versus time. The charge is at maximum value, q0, at t=0. The curve is similar to a sine wave that reduces in amplitude till it becomes zero.

This equation is analogous to

$m\frac{{d}^{2}x}{d{t}^{2}}+b\frac{dx}{dt}+kx=0,$

which is the equation of motion for a damped mass-spring system (you first encountered this equation in Oscillations). As we saw in that chapter, it can be shown that the solution to this differential equation takes three forms, depending on whether the angular frequency of the undamped spring is greater than, equal to, or less than b/2m. Therefore, the result can be underdamped b\text{/}2m\right) » height= »33″ width= »133″>, critically damped $\left(\sqrt{k\text{/}m}=b\text{/}2m\right)$ , or overdamped <img src="https://opentextbc.ca/universityphysicsv2openstax/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-214e349323607aa0e61cf57d5f1a73e8_l3.svg" alt="\left(\sqrt{k\text{/}m}. By analogy, the solution q(t) to the RLC differential equation has the same feature. Here we look only at the case of under-damping. By replacing m by L, b by R, k by 1/C, and x by q in (Figure), and assuming R\text{/}2L » height= »22″ width= »128″>, we obtain

$q\left(t\right)={q}_{0}{e}^{\text{−}Rt\text{/}2L}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\left(\omega \text{′}t+\varphi \right)$

where the angular frequency of the oscillations is given by

${\omega }^{\prime }=\sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}-{\left(\frac{R}{2L}\right)}^{2}}$

This underdamped solution is shown in (Figure)(b). Notice that the amplitude of the oscillations decreases as energy is dissipated in the resistor. (Figure) can be confirmed experimentally by measuring the voltage across the capacitor as a function of time. This voltage, multiplied by the capacitance of the capacitor, then gives q(t).

Try an interactive circuit construction kit that allows you to graph current and voltage as a function of time. You can add inductors and capacitors to work with any combination of R, L, and C circuits with both dc and ac sources.

Try out a circuit-based java applet website that has many problems with both dc and ac sources that will help you practice circuit problems.

Check Your Understanding In an RLC circuit, $L=5.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mH},C=6.0\mu \text{F},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}R=200\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}.$ (a) Is the circuit underdamped, critically damped, or overdamped? (b) If the circuit starts oscillating with a charge of $3.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-3}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{C}$ on the capacitor, how much energy has been dissipated in the resistor by the time the oscillations cease?

a. overdamped; b. 0.75 J

Summary

The underdamped solution for the capacitor charge in an RLC circuit is
$q\left(t\right)={q}_{0}{e}^{\text{−}Rt\text{/}2L}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\left(\omega \text{′}t+\varphi \right).$
The angular frequency given in the underdamped solution for the RLC circuit is
${\omega }^{\prime }=\sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}-{\left(\frac{R}{2L}\right)}^{2}}.$

Key Equations

Mutual inductance by flux $M=\frac{{N}_{2}{\text{Φ}}_{21}}{{I}_{1}}=\frac{{N}_{1}{\text{Φ}}_{12}}{{I}_{2}}$
Mutual inductance in circuits ${\epsilon }_{1}=\text{−}M\frac{d{I}_{2}}{dt}$
Self-inductance in terms of magnetic flux $N{\text{Φ}}_{\text{m}}=LI$
Self-inductance in terms of emf $\epsilon =\text{−}L\frac{dI}{dt}$
Self-inductance of a solenoid ${L}_{\text{solenoid}}=\frac{{\mu }_{0}{N}^{2}A}{l}$
Self-inductance of a toroid ${L}_{\text{toroid}}=\frac{{\mu }_{0}{N}^{2}h}{2\pi }\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{R}_{2}}{{R}_{1}}.$
Energy stored in an inductor $U=\frac{1}{2}L{I}^{2}$
Current as a function of time for a RL circuit $I\left(t\right)=\frac{\text{ε}}{R}\left(1-{e}^{\text{−}t\text{/}{\tau }_{L}}\right)$
Time constant for a RL circuit ${\tau }_{L}=L\text{/}R$
Charge oscillation in LC circuits $q\left(t\right)={q}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\left(\omega t+\varphi \right)$
Angular frequency in LC circuits $\omega =\sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}}$
Current oscillations in LC circuits $i\left(t\right)=\text{−}\omega {q}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\left(\omega t+\varphi \right)$
Charge as a function of time in RLC circuit $q\left(t\right)={q}_{0}{e}^{\text{−}Rt\text{/}2L}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\left(\omega \text{′}t+\varphi \right)$
Angular frequency in RLC circuit $\omega \text{′}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}-{\left(\frac{R}{2L}\right)}^{2}}$

Conceptual Questions

When a wire is connected between the two ends of a solenoid, the resulting circuit can oscillate like an RLC circuit. Describe what causes the capacitance in this circuit.

Describe what effect the resistance of the connecting wires has on an oscillating LC circuit.

This creates an RLC circuit that dissipates energy, causing oscillations to decrease in amplitude slowly or quickly depending on the value of resistance.

Suppose you wanted to design an LC circuit with a frequency of 0.01 Hz. What problems might you encounter?

A radio receiver uses an RLC circuit to pick out particular frequencies to listen to in your house or car without hearing other unwanted frequencies. How would someone design such a circuit?

You would have to pick out a resistance that is small enough so that only one station at a time is picked up, but big enough so that the tuner doesn’t have to be set at exactly the correct frequency. The inductance or capacitance would have to be varied to tune into the station however practically speaking, variable capacitors are a lot easier to build in a circuit.

Problems

In an oscillating RLC circuit, $R=5.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω},L=5.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mH},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}C=500\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mu \text{F}.$ What is the angular frequency of the oscillations?

In an oscillating RLC circuit with $L=10\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mH},C=1.5\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}µ\text{F},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}R=2.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω},$ how much time elapses before the amplitude of the oscillations drops to half its initial value?

6.9 ms

What resistance R must be connected in series with a 200-mH inductor of the resulting RLC oscillating circuit is to decay to $50\text{%}$ of its initial value of charge in 50 cycles? To $0.10\text{%}$ of its initial value in 50 cycles?

Additional Problems

Show that the self-inductance per unit length of an infinite, straight, thin wire is infinite.

Let a equal the radius of the long, thin wire, r the location where the magnetic field is measured, and R the upper limit of the problem where we will take R as it approaches infinity.
proof $\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \text{Outside,}\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}B& =\hfill & \frac{{\mu }_{0}I}{2\pi r}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}\text{Inside,}\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}B=\frac{{\mu }_{0}Ir}{2\pi {a}^{2}}\hfill \\ \hfill U& =\hfill & \frac{{\mu }_{0}{I}^{2}l}{4\pi }\left(\frac{1}{4}+\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{R}{a}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \text{So,}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\frac{2U}{{I}^{2}}& =\hfill & \frac{{\mu }_{0}l}{2\pi }\left(\frac{1}{4}+\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{R}{a}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}L=\infty \hfill \end{array}$

Two long, parallel wires carry equal currents in opposite directions. The radius of each wire is a, and the distance between the centers of the wires is d. Show that if the magnetic flux within the wires themselves can be ignored, the self-inductance of a length l of such a pair of wires is

$L=\frac{{\mu }_{0}l}{\pi }\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{d-a}{a}.$

(Hint: Calculate the magnetic flux through a rectangle of length l between the wires and then use $L=N\text{Φ}\text{/}I$ .)

A small, rectangular single loop of wire with dimensions l, and a is placed, as shown below, in the plane of a much larger, rectangular single loop of wire. The two short sides of the larger loop are so far from the smaller loop that their magnetic fields over the smaller fields over the smaller loop can be ignored. What is the mutual inductance of the two loops?

$M=\frac{{\mu }_{0}l}{\pi }\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{d+a}{d}$

Suppose that a cylindrical solenoid is wrapped around a core of iron whose magnetic susceptibility is x. Using (Figure), show that the self-inductance of the solenoid is given by

$L=\frac{\left(1+x\right){\mu }_{0}{N}^{2}A}{l},$

where l is its length, A its cross-sectional area, and N its total number of turns.

A solenoid with $4x{10}^{7}$ turns/m has an iron core placed in it whose magnetic susceptibility is $4.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{3}$ . (a) If a current of 2.0 A flows through the solenoid, what is the magnetic field in the iron core? (b) What is the effective surface current formed by the aligned atomic current loops in the iron core? (c) What is the self-inductance of the filled solenoid?

a. 100 T; b. 2 A; c. 0.50 H

A rectangular toroid with inner radius ${R}_{1}=7.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cm,}$ outer radius ${R}_{2}=9.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cm}$ , height , and turns is filled with an iron core of magnetic susceptibility $5.2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{3}$ . (a) What is the self-inductance of the toroid? (b) If the current through the toroid is 2.0 A, what is the magnetic field at the center of the core? (c) For this same 2.0-A current, what is the effective surface current formed by the aligned atomic current loops in the iron core?

The switch S of the circuit shown below is closed at . Determine (a) the initial current through the battery and (b) the steady-state current through the battery.

a. 0 A; b. 2.4 A

In an oscillating RLC circuit, $R=7.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω},L=10\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mH},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}C=3.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mu \text{F}$ . Initially, the capacitor has a charge of $8.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mu \text{C}$ and the current is zero. Calculate the charge on the capacitor (a) five cycles later and (b) 50 cycles later.

A 25.0-H inductor has 100 A of current turned off in 1.00 ms. (a) What voltage is induced to oppose this? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) Which assumption or premise is responsible?

a. $2.50\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}$ ; (b) The voltage is so extremely high that arcing would occur and the current would not be reduced so rapidly. (c) It is not reasonable to shut off such a large current in such a large inductor in such an extremely short time.

Challenge Problems

A coaxial cable has an inner conductor of radius a, and outer thin cylindrical shell of radius b. A current I flows in the inner conductor and returns in the outer conductor. The self-inductance of the structure will depend on how the current in the inner cylinder tends to be distributed. Investigate the following two extreme cases. (a) Let current in the inner conductor be distributed only on the surface and find the self-inductance. (b) Let current in the inner cylinder be distributed uniformly over its cross-section and find the self-inductance. Compare with your results in (a).

In a damped oscillating circuit the energy is dissipated in the resistor. The Q-factor is a measure of the persistence of the oscillator against the dissipative loss. (a) Prove that for a lightly damped circuit the energy, U, in the circuit decreases according to the following equation.

$\frac{dU}{dt}=-2\beta U,$ where $\beta =\frac{R}{2L}.$

(b) Using the definition of the Q-factor as energy divided by the loss over the next cycle, prove that Q-factor of a lightly damped oscillator as defined in this problem is

$Q\equiv \frac{{U}_{\text{begin}}}{\text{Δ}{U}_{\text{one cycle}}}=\frac{1}{2\pi R}\sqrt{\frac{L}{C}}.$

(Hint: For (b), to obtain Q, divide E at the beginning of one cycle by the change $\text{Δ}E$ over the next cycle.)

proof

The switch in the circuit shown below is closed at $t=0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{s}$ . Find currents through (a) ${R}_{1}$ , (b) ${R}_{2}$ , and (c) the battery as function of time.

A square loop of side 2 cm is placed 1 cm from a long wire carrying a current that varies with time at a constant rate of 3 A/s as shown below. (a) Use Ampère’s law and find the magnetic field. (b) Determine the magnetic flux through the loop. (c) If the loop has a resistance of $3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}$ , how much induced current flows in the loop?

a. $\frac{dB}{dt}=6\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-6}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{T/s;}$ b. $\text{Φ}=\frac{{\mu }_{0}aI}{2\pi }\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\frac{a+b}{b}\right)$ ; c. 4.4 nA

A rectangular copper ring, of mass 100 g and resistance $0.2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}$ , is in a region of uniform magnetic field that is perpendicular to the area enclosed by the ring and horizontal to Earth’s surface. The ring is let go from rest when it is at the edge of the nonzero magnetic field region (see below). (a) Find its speed when the ring just exits the region of uniform magnetic field. (b) If it was let go at , what is the time when it exits the region of magnetic field for the following values: $a=25\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cm},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}b=50\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cm},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}B=3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{T},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}$ $g=9.8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{m/s}}^{2}?$ Assume the magnetic field of the induced current is negligible compared to 3 T.

Texte anglais d’aprés le site https://opentextbc.ca/universityphysicsv2openstax/chapter/rlc-series-circuits/

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2 commentaires sur « Oscillations libres du circuit RLC série – Cours et exercices »

zeggaoui el mostafa dit :

16 août 2021 à 22 h 47 min

Dans une décennie les oscillations électriques, vont être une histoire du passé, se sont les oscillations électroniques qui prendrons la place, mais comme même maintenant elles de comprendre le principe des oscillations

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Ping: Circuit RLC série , libre – Physique chimie facile

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Mutual inductance by flux	$M=\frac{{N}_{2}{\text{Φ}}_{21}}{{I}_{1}}=\frac{{N}_{1}{\text{Φ}}_{12}}{{I}_{2}}$
Mutual inductance in circuits	${\epsilon }_{1}=\text{−}M\frac{d{I}_{2}}{dt}$
Self-inductance in terms of magnetic flux	$N{\text{Φ}}_{\text{m}}=LI$
Self-inductance in terms of emf	$\epsilon =\text{−}L\frac{dI}{dt}$
Self-inductance of a solenoid	${L}_{\text{solenoid}}=\frac{{\mu }_{0}{N}^{2}A}{l}$
Self-inductance of a toroid	${L}_{\text{toroid}}=\frac{{\mu }_{0}{N}^{2}h}{2\pi }\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{R}_{2}}{{R}_{1}}.$
Energy stored in an inductor	$U=\frac{1}{2}L{I}^{2}$
Current as a function of time for a RL circuit	$I\left(t\right)=\frac{\text{ε}}{R}\left(1-{e}^{\text{−}t\text{/}{\tau }_{L}}\right)$
Time constant for a RL circuit	${\tau }_{L}=L\text{/}R$
Charge oscillation in LC circuits	$q\left(t\right)={q}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\left(\omega t+\varphi \right)$
Angular frequency in LC circuits	$\omega =\sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}}$
Current oscillations in LC circuits	$i\left(t\right)=\text{−}\omega {q}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\left(\omega t+\varphi \right)$
Charge as a function of time in RLC circuit	$q\left(t\right)={q}_{0}{e}^{\text{−}Rt\text{/}2L}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\left(\omega \text{′}t+\varphi \right)$
Angular frequency in RLC circuit	$\omega \text{′}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}-{\left(\frac{R}{2L}\right)}^{2}}$

Position du problème : circuit RLC libre

Objectifs circuit RLC en série libre

Cours et exercices circuit RLC en série , régime libre et en régime forcée , terminale science

Oscillations électriques libre

Oscillations électriques dans un circuit RLC en régime forcée

Vidéos circuit RLC en série

RLC Series Circuits

Learning Objectives

Summary

Key Equations

Conceptual Questions

Problems

Additional Problems

Challenge Problems

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